Wipro
Infotech is looking for MCAs of 2007 for its Manage IT line of Business.
Selected candidates will have the opportunity to work on challenging assignments
in the IT Infrastructure space, in a world class organization and a career path
based on peformance evaluation.
Selection
eligibility criteria.
MCA's 2007
Passouts only, who meet the following criteria:
60% and above in
10th
60% and above in
12th
60% and above
in Graduation
60% and Above in
MCA
Candidates with Backlogs
are not eligible for the selection process
Candidates should be
willing to work anywhere in India
Candidates will need to
sign up an Employment Bond for 15 months
This is not only heartening but gives me immense pleasure and pride to see the site but there is a small yet useful piece of advice to the moderator to kindly change the black background of the homepage bcoz it consumes more of energy to open.I hope it would be given due consideration.
i am cursing myself for lagging behind in getting registered into this dream portal. Getting nostalgic about seeing my almamatter and coming accross some familiar names in the portal.This is the best thing that can happen to our revered college when old as well as new students are extending their support standing on one platform. I have a little suugestion to all the members that they should atleast inform their full name,batch,subject so that it will be easy to indentify.
This autonomy which most people believe wil help students easily pass is ruining the lives of many students of late. The teachers with more power just threaten literally to fail us.
Its really sad to see guys with potential failing in reapeated attempts just because they were not 'good' to their teachers. Also evn a xerox copy of the answer sheets are not available which further empowers the teachers.
am stopping here for you to pour in!!
Here is the link to my site MobileWish, world's first complte mobile greetings solution with Flash Lite. The application allows users to send and receive Flash egreetings .
The site is currently running a public beta testing. You can get more info at my homepage blog at www.samirshomepage.com
India began their medal hunt with two third-place finishes at the Asian Games on Saturday in the 10m air rifle event, with the men's team winning the bronze and the women's team adding another shortly after. The Indian men put up a sterling show to finish third in the 10m air rifle team event scoring 1776 points. The team missed the silver to Korea by just one point. China won the gold scoring 1786. Meanwhile, Gagan Narang qualified for the finals of the individual event scoring 595. He is currently 3rd. The women's team fetched the second medal for India, bagging the bronze in the same event. The team of Suma Shirur, Tejaswini Sawant and Avneet Kaur Sidhu scored a total of 1181 to repeat the feat of their men counterparts finishing third at the Lusaill Ranges. Chinese women aggregated 1192 to win the gold and Singapore fired 1183 to be third after the qualification round.
WHEN I JOINED MY CLASS ON THE FIRST DAY A TOTAL OF 128 GUYS n GIRLS WHERE PRESENT. But after a few days the nos declined but the professor said"what the fuck ? u all r present in the attendence sheet".Boys woukl b shouting "yes sir" from outside the windows or some other guy would be saying "yes sir" for 6-7 times.well i never got involved inthe proxy business but it was heck of a fun. if u guys n girls got some interresting stories 2 write on then....................
Ravenshaw has contributed a lot to the past glories of Orissa. It still continues to do so. What's worrying is that the Raveshavians these days do very little in this aspect compared to the earlier times. But the trend can change. Who knows, this forum may bring out that positive change, which is much required! There’s no doubt that alumni of Ravenshaw wherever they are can give a facelift to the state of Orissa.
Mr. Debdas Chhotray, IAS currently Secretary Inter state affairs is slated to become the first VC of Ravenshaw Univaersity. Son of Late Gopal Chhotray & known for his humility. He's the person having having great command over both Oriya & English lanuage. He is best known for his simplicity in Delhi oriya circles.
Recently saw one music video shot inside the campus whereone boy{non dancer} dancing with a so called cheap bengali girl with lots of hoodlums. I reminded my time of college when the atmosphere was so good and beautiful where our principal Late Mr Mahendra Rout was guarding the college like an angel and never allowed us do some cheap mistakes which will bring down the name of the college. I visited the college but missed those days and all my friends. I met lots of them outside but never got a chance to go again inside the collage campus to bring back the memory of the old days. Hope all my friends support my cause and build a group to maintain the glory again.
Woah!!!!! So many blog entries and all of them suck big time. There are so many better things happening in college other than studies. All you see is Quiz, Toppers, Merits...Oh! Come on gimme a break. Can no out there write about their fun days? Like, unhh.....lets see...... The Craziest Thing They Have Done or Teachers who Suck or The Coolest Chic in the Campus. Guys get a reality check. Dont make this site a stale donut, try making it a crisp cookie.
ABOUT ORISSA History of Orissa : The word Oriya is an anglicised version of Odia which itself is a modern name for the Odra or Udra tribes that inhabited the central belt of modern Orissa. Orissa has also been the home of the Kalinga and Utkal tribes that played a particularly prominent role in the region’s history, and one of the earliest references to the ancient Kalingas appears in the writings of Vedic chroniclers. In the 6th C. BC, Vedic Sutrakara Baudhayana mentions Kalinga as being beyond the Vedic fold, indicating that Brahminical influences had not yet touched the land. Unlike some other parts of India, tribal customs and traditions played a significant role in shaping political structures and cultural practices right up to the 15th C. when Brahminical influences triumphed over competing traditions and caste differentiation began to inhibit social mobility and erode what had survived of the ancient republican tradition.
Kalinga : Very early in Kalingan history, the Kalingas acquired a reputation for being a fiercely independant people. Ashoka’s military campaign against Kalinga was one of the bloodiest in Mauryan history on account of the fearless and heroic resistance offered by the Kalingas to the mighty armies of the expanding Mauryan empire. Perhaps on account of their unexpected bravery, emperor Ashoka was compelled to issue two edicts specifically calling for a just and benign administration in Kalinga. Unsurprisingly, Mauryan rule over Kalinga did not last long. By the 1st C. BC, Kalinga’s Jain identified ruler Kharavela had become the pre-eminent monarch of much of the sub-continent and Mauryan Magadha had become a province of the Kalingan empire. The earliest surviving monuments of Orissa (in Udaigiri near Bhubaneshwar) date from his reign, and surviving inscriptions mention that Prince Kharavela was trained not only in the military arts, but also in literature, mathematics, and the social sciences. He was also reputed to be a great patron of the arts and was credited with encouraging dance and theater in his capital.
Although the bravery of the Kalingas became legendary, and finds mention in the Sahitya Darpan, it is important to note that a hereditary warrior caste like the Kshatriyas did not take hold in the region. Soldiers were drawn from the peasantry as needed and rank in the military depended as much on fighting skills and bravery as on hereditary factors.
In this (and other) respects, Oriya history resembles more the history of the nations of South East Asia, and may have been one of the features of Oriya society that allowed it to successfully fend off 300 years of raids initiated by numerous Islamic rulers untill the 16th century.
Metallurgy, Crafts and Trade Owing to it’s vast mineral resources, metallurgy developed quite naturally in ancient Orissa and may have been an additional factor in catapulting the region to considerable importance during the iron age. Iron tools were used in agricultural production, digging irrigation canals, stone-quarrying, cave excavation and later monumental architecture.
Rice cultivation got a particular fillip and during the iron age irrigation works from Orissa spread to the regions of ancient Andhra and Tamil Nadu around 300 BC (See M.S. Randhawa: A history of agriculture in India, Vol. 1. New Delhi.) Orissa also became a major steel producing centre and steel beams were extensively used in the monumental temples of Bhubaneshwar and Puri.
Being a coastal region, maritime trade played an important role in the development of Oriya civilization. Cultural, commercial and political contacts with South East Asia, particularly Southern Burma, Malaysia and Indonesia were especially extensive and maritime enterprises play an interesting part in Oriya folk-tales and poetry. Historical records suggest that around the 7th C. AD, the Kongoda dynasty from central Orissa may have migrated to Malaysia and Indonesia. There is also evidence of exchange of embassies with China. Records of Oriya traders being active in the ports of South East Asia are fairly numerous and in his descriptions of Malacca, Portuguese merchant Tome Pires indicates that traders from Orissa were active in the busy port as late as the 16th C.
(There is evidence to suggest that trade contact between Eastern India and Thailand may date as far back as the 3rd or 4th C BC. Himanshu Ray (The Winds of Change - Buddhism and the Maritime Links of Early South Asia) suggests that at least eight oceanic routes linked the Eastern Coast of India with the Malayan pensinsula, and after the Iron Age, metals (such as iron, copper and tin), cotton textiles and foodstuffs comprised the trade. She also suggests that the trade involved both Indian and Malayo-Polynesian ships. Archealogical evidence from Sisupalgarh (near Bhubaneshwar) in Orissa suggests that there may also have been direct or indirect trade contacts between ancient Orissa and Rome dating to the 1st-2nd C AD (or possibly earlier). The chronicles of Huen Tsang refer to Orissa’s overseas contacts in the 7th C, and by the 10th C, records of Orissa’s trade with the East begin to proliferate.)
Adequate agricultural production combined with a flourishing maritime trade contributed to a flowering of Orissan arts and crafts especially textiles. Numerous communities of weavers and dyers became active throughout the state perfecting techniques like weaving of fine Muslins, Ikat, Sambalpuri and Bomkai silks and cottons, applique and embroidery.
Orissa was also known for it’s brass and bell metal work, lacquered boxes and toys, intricate ivory, wood and stone carvings, patta painting and palm leaf engraving, basket weaving and numerous other colorful crafts. Often, decorative techniques relied on folk idioms as in the painted, circular playing cards known as Ganjifas. Later, Cuttack became the centre for lace-like exquisite silver filigree work, (known as Tarakashi) when Orissa was brought under Mughal rule.
Philosophy, Language and Idealogy Both Buddhism and Jainism played an important role in the cultural and philosophical developments of early Oriya civilization. Most Buddhist and Jain texts were written in Pali-Prakrit and the Prakrita Sarvasva, a celebrated Prakrit grammar text was authored by Markandeya Das, an Oriya. Kharavela’s Hatigumpha inscription is in Pali, leading to the speculation that Pali may have been the original language of the Oriya people.
By the 7th C. AD, Brahminism had also become influential, especially in the courts and Hiuen Tsang (the well-known Chinese chronicler) observed how Buddhist Viharas and Brahminic temples flourished side by side. And although royal inscriptions of this time were in Sanskrit, the most commonly spoken language was not, and according to Hiuen Tsang appeared to be quite distinct from the language of Central India, and may have been a precursor of modern day Oriya.
But even as the Bhauma Kings of the 6th-8th C issued edicts in Sanskrit, they patronized numerous Buddhist institutions and the art, architecture and poetry of the period reflected the popularity of Buddhism in the region. Later, Orissa’s Buddhism came to be modulated by strong Tantric influences, while a more traditional Vedic and Brahminical version of Hinduism was brought to Orissa by Brahmins from Kannauj. Shaivism from the South was institutionalized in Puri. In addition, the majority of Orissa’s adivasis continued to practice some form of animism and totem-worship.
Unifying all these different traditions was the Shiva-Shakti cult which evolved from an amalgamation of Shaivism (worship of Shiva), Shaktism (worship of the Mother Goddess) and the Vajrayana, or Tantric form of Mahayana Buddism. What made possible this fusion was that apart from the formal distinctions that separated these different religious and philosophical trends, in practical matters, there was a growing similiarity between them. Whereas early Buddhism and the Nyaya school within Hinduism had laid considerable stress on rationalism and scientific investigation of nature, later Buddhism and the Shaivite schools both emphasized philosphical variants of concepts first developed in the Upanishads, along with mysticism and devotion. Tantrism had also developed along a dual track - on the one hand it had laid emphasis on gaining practical knowledge and a clear understanding of nature - on the other, it too came steeped in mysticism and magic.
At the same time, the Buddhist ethos had created an environment where compromise was preferred to confrontation. This allowed tribal deities and gods and goddesses associated with numerous fertility cults to be integrated into the Hindu pantheon. Tantric constructs also met with some degree of approval. Since Tantrism emphasized the erotic as a means to spiritual salvation, the culture of austerity and sexual abstinence that had pervaded early Buddhism was replaced with an unapologetic embrace of all that was erotic. Unlike some other parts of India, Oriya society had not yet been deeply differentiated by caste, and egalitarian values remained well-ingrained amongst the peasant masses. Hence, any idealogy that championed a hierarchical division of society would have been unacceptable.
The Shiva Shakti cult was a compromise in that while it did not exclude social inequality, it did not preclude social mobility either. In fact, the cult became popular precisely because it articulated the possibility of upward mobility through the acquisition of knowledge, skill or energetic personal effort.
Yogini Cults Tantric influences were of particular import for the survival of the Yogini cults in Orissa. The Yogini cults concentrated on worship of the shakti (female life force), with a belief in the efficacy of magic ritual. In ancient texts, Yoginis are depicted as consorts of Yogis, and like their male companions practiced yoga to gain mastery over science and acquire magical powers. Some tantric schools associated with the Yogini cults such as the Kaula Marga prescribed Maithuna (sexual intercourse) with outcast women or women of low caste as the most consummate soul-lifting experience. Although Yogini cults were not unique to Orissa, two out of four surviving Yogini temples are to be found in Hirapur and Ranipur- Jharial. The Hirapur temple is ascribed to the Bhauma and Somavansi rulers of Orissa (mid 8th - mid 10th C. AD) who were known for their eclectic liberalism and noted for their patronage of philosophy, art, architecture and literature.
Popular Literature While the literature of the court and the intelligentsia was primarily written in Sanskrit, and included a variety of commentaries and theoretical treatises on religion, politics, art and literature as well as reworks of the epics, popular literature in Oriya initially focused on folk tales, ballades, creation myths, devotional songs, love poetry and erotica.
But in the 15th century, the Gangas who were patrons of many of Orissa’s monumental temples were defeated by Kapilendra Deva, who rose from the ranks to found the Surya dynasty. It was in his reign that Sarala Das wrote a popular Oriya version of the Mahabharatha. Sarala Das arose from a peasant family and took his name from the goddess Sarala who was worshipped in his village in the district of Cuttack. He described himself as an unschooled ‘Shudra’ and became popularly known as Shudra-muni. Although the broad themes his Mahabharatha match other traditional versions, there is much that was original and written with a popular sensibility. His version knitted in local folk tales and ballads, and incorporated the ethical and moral values then embraced by the artisan class and peasantry.
The Chandi Purana, also written by Sarala Das referred to Yoginis as forms of the Devi or the Supreme Goddess illustrating the continued popular appeal of the Yogini cults in Orissa’s coastal belt. Thus what emerged in Orissa from the 9th century on was a heady cocktail of mystical and practical currents that allowed for a certain degree of social mobility and provided space for ordinary peasants to make contributions to popular literature and poetry.
This stimulated the popularity of reading and since there were no taboos against learning Oriya, literacy spread in the villages and such popular literature developed a wide mass following. A network of village libraries housed popular texts in neatly transcribed versions. Illuminated manuscripts and illustrated epics also became popular. By some accounts, literacy in many villages reached 40% or more before the onslaught of colonial rule.
Decline of Oriya Civilization The first signsof decline in Oriya society came as the administrators of the Gangaand Surya kings began to usurp undue privileges and acquire a greater number of hereditary rights. At the same time, religious affairs began to be dominated by the Puri Brahmins who were instrumental in promoting ever increasing ritual and unprecedented ceremonial pomp during religious festivals. Tribal deities were slowly edged out as Brahminical gods acquired supremacy. Social mobility declined and the first concrete appearances of a formalized caste system began to appear. The Patnaiks, Mahapatras, Nayakas and others who had played a major role in the royal adminstration, along with the Brahmins comprised the upper-caste elite as social stratification crystallized.
The silting up of Orissa’s major rivers in the 16th C. led to a severe decline in maritime trade and may have further aggravated socially regressive trends. Orissa also suffered decisive defeats at the hands of Raja Man Singh (Akbar’s military general) and the Marathas, leaving it dismembered and particularly vulnerable against the British who colonized it soon after the victory in Bengal.
Orissa during Colonial Rule Like much of India, colonial rule had a devastating impact on the economic and social life of the Oriya people. Numerous categories of crafts workers, especially weavers and dyers were bankrupted and reduced to abject poverty. The peasantry suffered under the burden of back-breaking taxes and forced unpaid labour. But the Oriyas did not accept subjugation without putting up heroic resistance. Just three years after British occupation, Jayakrishna Rajguru - hereditary priest of the Gajapatis (or the Rajas of Khurda) organized a revolt that ended in tragic defeat and his public hanging at the hands of the British. In 1818 there was another revolt when the entire state rose up under the leadership of Bakshi Jagabandhu Vidyadhara of Khurda. For six months the people of Southern Orissa were practically freed from British rule but in the end the rebellion was ruthlessly quelled and the aftermath was to be disastrous.
The nobility was systematically decimated, the Paikas - the national militia were disarmed and disinherited, and the peasantry already reduced to virtual slavery. All administrative posts not directly handled by the British were assigned to Bengalis who were perceived to be more loyal to British rule. From local police constables to assistant school teachers - Bengalis were hired but Oriyas excluded. Bengali chauvinists in Calcutta defended such a regime, some even going to the extent of demanding that all Oriyas be taught in Bengali since Oriya was nothing but a minor dialect of Bengali.
Even as urban Bengal received a few concessions like the founding of universities and cultural societies - Orissa was reduced to a minor outpost of the colonial empire - a cultural wasteland. Orissa’s future was now inextricably linked to the growth of the national struggle in Bengal and the rest of the country, and any hint of growth in the national movement naturally drew enthusiastic support from nationalist-minded Oriyas.
Although independence brought about dramatic improvements in the lives of all sections of the population, two centuries of damage wrought by colonial rule could not be easily undone after independence. As evident from recent census results, high levels of poverty and illiteracy continue to dog the state. For Orissa to regain it’s ancient vitality, it will require not only greater sympathy from other Indians but a conscious programme of affirmative action from the centre that promotes mass education and employment opportunities so that Orissa can fully join the Indian mainstream as a vibrant and equal member of the Indian union.
Note: References to ancient Orissa may well include parts of Jharkhand, Southern Bengal, Chhatisgarh and Northern Andhra - which at various times were politically integrated into the different kingdoms of ancient and medieval Orissa. References: 1. History of Oriya Literature: Mayadhar Mansinha (Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi) 2. Bulletins of the Indian Historical Review (Indian Council of Historical Research) and issues of Social Science Probings (Ed. R. S. Sharma)
I am the great-great-great grandson of the founder of the college, Thomas Edward Ravenshaw. I know of my own heritage line, but can anyone tell me the history of my family?
Hi Myself is Pradeep Kumar Das, I passed matriculation in1998 from
Railway Settlement High School. Anybody Like to friendship with me
please contact me on pradeepkds@sify.com.
The govt of india has made perhaps the biggest blunder in the field of education by implementing the quota system the brainchild of perhaps the worst HRD minister the country has seen in its 58 years of independence. The reservation in the government instituions still had a meaning but doing the same in the private ones shows the bureaucracy of the govt and also exposes the dirty politics being played in the upper fields keeping the future of students like us in dark groves. Thanks to this excellent policy that many of us will have to flat out our soles trying getting a seat in a reputed institution whether govt or privately owned and also because of this the top institutes like the IIMs can't boast of quality products. This great gift of the government to us the so called 'futrure of the nation' is highly acknowledgable.
i am very impressed by the website that u all guys hav designed. really speaking i am very impressed. just i want to know who all are behind this. by the way i am dipti ranjan khuntia of 1998-2000(+2 batch). currently i am at tcs, kolkata. any help required email me at diptiranjan.khuntia@tcs.com.
Hai Friends...... Its really good to see the site of Our College.Thanks for all the buddys who has taken this step.Myself Abhishek Agrawal( batch of 1999-2002 of BSc. Computer Science) now working in Tata Consultancy Services, Chennai, is ready to help our juniors for anykind...So dont hesitate to ask questions...... I ( after that we ) am ready to help u..Abhishek Agrawal
1. Aansu tere gire to ankhein meri ho, dil tera dhadke to dhadkan meri ho. Khuda kare hamari ye dosti itni gehri ho, ki NAUKRI TUM KARO AUR SALARY MERI HO.
2. Naa pyar na mohabbat yaaro! DEVDAS ka kehna maano yaaro! Na chandramukhi na paaro yaaro, roz Shaaam Ko. . . 2 PEG maaro yaaro....
3. Arz kiya hai... Main bhi tere liye TAJ MAHAL banaaunga.. Main bhi tere liye TAJ MAHAL banaaunga... 1 cup Subah aur 1 cup Shaam ko Pilaaunga..!!
4. May God increase your happiness daily like price of PETROL and decrease your sorrows like clothes of MALLIKA SHERAVAT.
5. Param Pratapi, Param Tejasvi, Maha Kripalu, Atyant Dayalu, Pujyaniye, Sarvashatiman Maharaj Shri Shwetanshu Ji sokar uth gaye hai. To saare Bolo Good Evening...
6. Wife - I wish I was a newspaper, so i'd be in ur hands all day. Husband - I too wish that u were a newspaper, so I could have a new 1 everyday.
7. Hi to a Sweet Person | | | OK let me GO, I h've 2 FOOL other too. Howz tht?
8. Bring ur phone close 2 ur cheek. ..DISHUM... msg kyun nahi karte?
9. "Smile you make and hello say to wanted just i that out find you when irritating very it find will you." Got confused? Read it backward.
10. Ocean full of syllabus. River full of questions. A bucket level v hav studied. Only a mug level we can write. Marks come like drops. Hence njoy. Dont study.
11. Exams r like GFrnds 1)ek gayi to dusri aati hai 2)dono samajh ke bahar hai. 3)aati hai to tension deti hai, jati hai to khushi deti hai
12. What is a KISS? In view of Geometry kiss is d shortest distance b/w 2 LIPS. In Economics, kiss is that thing 4 which demand is always high.
13. Mundian nu sangat khraab maardi. Os ton bach jaan ta shraab maardi. Phir bach jaan ta jawani mardi. J phir ve bach jaan ta janani mardi...
14. Read this with a mirror. biguT2 D 992 I pni992 n0279q ..2iHT 9>lil 2m2 !!! @H !@H
15. Eqn 1: Study=Don't Fail Eqn 2: Don't Study=Fail Adding eqn1 & eqn2: Study+Don't Study=Fail+Don't Fail | +>Study(1+Don't)=Fail(1+Don't) | =>STUDY=FAIL then y waste time ??
16. Today is International Day of d Smart & Good looking pple! So send this msg 2 someone who fits. Plz dont send back 2 me. I have already received 10,13,150 msgs.
17. Newton's law of Romance:- LOVE CAN NEITHER BE CREATED NOR BE DESTROYED, IT CAN ONLY BE CHANGED FROM ONE GIRLFRIEND TO ANOTHER....
18. Press down 7 times to become sweet. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Tusi vi naa? Hai mein mar jaavan, tusi Vaise hi ainey sweet ho. Aivey hi press kari jaande ho...
19. No Special Reason 4 This Msg. Just Wanted 2 Steal A Single Amt Out of Your Busy Day & Hope 2 Make U Smile Wen I say Take Care & Be Happy.
20. One time talking with a "GENIUS" is equal 2 d KNOWLEDGE of reading books 4 a month. This is a Chinese proverb. So if u want knowledge "CALL ME" :-D
21. Bas kya yahin tak tha saath hamara, intezar hi karte rahe hum tumhara, Kab hogi Is kambakht mobile mein roshni, Aur kab aayega SMS tumhara
23. I have something for U Close ur eyes ! 1..2..3.. | Cheater, U didn't close ur eyes, so nothing 4U.
24. Are O SAMBHA, Mere Kitne SMS mile? Bahut sare, Aur tumne kitne Bheje? Ek Bhi Nahi! Haak thu Dhikkar hai. Ab tak bahut SMS khaye Ab Goli kha DiCHOUN
25. I ME MYSELF YES ME I TRULY MADLY DEEPLY HOPELESSLY R E A LLY PURELY HONESTLY WARMLY DEARLY TOTALLY WANTED TO DISTURB
26. Wife and Husband are like two tires of a vehicle. If any one punctures vehicle cannot move further. So intelligent - men always carry a stepney with them.
27. Heights of Friendship!!! Your Best Friend Runs Away With Your Wife And You Start Missing Your Friend !
28. Do pal ki bhi khushi na mile to kya, umar bhar gum ke sahare ji lenge, Kya hua jo hamari girlfriend nahi, hum Aapki girlfriend ke sahare ji lenge..
29. For every Garden, U must be the Rose; for every sweet face, U must be the smile; for every kiss U must be the lips; for every beautiful girl, U must must be her brother...
30. "An archaeologist is the best husband a woman can have. The older she gets the more interested he is in her."
31. "Any woman can fool a man if she wants to and if he's in love with her."
32. This is your CellPhone Operator. We just found out you're too dumb to use your phone, so please put it on ground and start jumping on it. Thank you
33. I want u 2 know that our friendship means a lot 2 me. U cry, I cry. U laugh.. I laugh. U jump out of d window.. I look down n then.. I laugh again.. hahaha
34. Another mnth, another yr, another smile, another tear, another winter, a summer too but there can never b another U bcoz God doesn't make the same mistake twice!
35. Chaand me dekha to aap dikhe, badal mein dekha to aap dikhe, taaro mein dekha to aap dikhe. Are yaar thoda side me ho jaao to kuch aur bhi dikhe.
36. God saw me Hungry he created Pizza. He saw me thirsty, created coke. He saw me walkin, created benz, God saw me without any problem he created U!
37. I Love You I love u very much I LOVE YOU SO MUCH I LOVE YOU SPECIALLY BCOZ MENKA GANDHI SAID LOVE ANIMALS. HE HE HE !!!
38. Did u read the newspaper today? An UFO landed on earth. According 2 the news aliens r looking 4 the cutest human on earth. As a friend don't tell them that I am here :o)
39. Money can buy... house but not Home... Bed not Sleep... Medicine not health... MONEY-IS-DIRTY It only causes pains and sufferings SO SEND ME UR MONEY AND BE HAPPY :o)
40. no visits... no calls... no sms's... no letters... no missed calls... I'm worried... R u in jail again?
41. We've knwn.. Each oth 4.. Quite a while nw, do u thk we can be more.. than FRNDS? Cos I LIKE U Vry much. Will u be my... PARTNER 2 rob a BANK !?
42. what has 6 feet 9 heads 1 leg 5 hands 7 eyes 13 ears 3 mouths 1 finger 8 stomach 4 brains 6 buns stop thinking u dumbo there is nothing like this.
43. Think Big... Think Smart... Think Positive... Think Beautiful... Think Great... I know, that is too much for u, so here is a shortcut ... Just Think about ME !
44. tere dar pe sanam hazar baar aayenge, tere dar pe sanam hazar baar aayenge..... ghanti bajayenge aur bhaag jayenge !!
45. He: Janeman, is dil mein chali aao She: Sandal nikaloon kya! He: Pagli, ye mandir nahi hai, aise hi aajao...
46. Mein Tumhare Liye Sab Kuch Karta..Magar Mujhe Kaam Tha.. Mein Tumhare Liye Doob Ke Marta...Magar Mujhe Zukham Tha !
47. Tumko dekha to ek khyal aaya Tumko dekha to ek khyal aaya Tumhari saheli ko dekha to doosra khyal aaya.
48. Dil ka dard dil todne wale kya jane, ishk ka riwaz zamana kya jane, kitni mehnat lagti hai ladki patane mein, ye ghar baitha ladki ka baap kya jane.
49. Never kiss a policewoman. C says- STOP! HANDS UP. never kiss a lady doctor. C says-NEXT plz. Always kiss a Teachr. C says-NOW REPEAT IT 100 times.
50. Dosti karo school wali se. Ishq karo college wali se. Program karo office wali se. Dil lagao Pados wali se. Ankh lagao sali se and mar khao gharwali se.
51. Prof said:If any boy go 2 d girls hostel, $100 fine for first time, 200 4 2nd time, 500 4 3rd time. Munnabhai bola,"BOLE TO monthly paas ka kitna mamu
52. I worte ur name on d sand n it gt washd away. I worte ur name in d air n it gt blown away. I worte ur name on my heart n..I gt a HEART ATTACK!
53. I would like 2 officially announce that I am already accepting friendshipday gifts in cash, cheques, chocolates, luv & airtime. Avoid rush, Send Now! Thank U!
54. Phone mat kiya karo dear, mom hoti hai near, papa se lagta hai fear, baat nahi hoti hai clear. Isliye sms karo dear, without fear n very clear.
55. Once Tom Criuse went to court to claim that he is the most handsome, sexy guy, after few minutes he came out angrily and shouted "Who the hell is "Shwetanshu"
56. Just Dropping by to Say I MISS U Sender: PRIETY ZINTA +919821098765 Oops.!! Sender: AISHWARYS RAI +919820054321 dont hope so HIGH. Sender: Shwetanshu +919414322262
57. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 VERY GOOD! Kal A-B-C-D sikhenge... 58. Maine pucha chand se ki - dekha hai kahin, mere yaar sa hasin... Chand ne kaha ...Ullu ke pathe..itni upar se dikhta hai kya koi??? 59. Before Marriage:MAD for each other, After Marriage:MADE for each other, In future:MAD bcoz of each other
60. Woh bhi kya haseen din hua karte the, jab hum hasino se gale mila karte the. Ye un dino ki bat hai jab hum "DO SAAL" ke hua karte the.
61. Geeta saar. SMS wo gyan hai jo batne se badhta hai, isliye hey prani! Tu bill ka moh tyag de aur karm(sms) kar. Tabhi tera maanav janm safal hoga !!
62. Someone says Whisky is Risky, While someone says Whisky bina zindagi miss ki, But I say Rum, Beer ho ya Whisky, Nahi hai wo ladki se zyada Risky....Cheers.
63. Is dil mein tarane bahut hai, zindagi jine ke bahane bahut hai. Kis-kis ko SMS karoon, kambakht iss nacheez ke diwane bahut hain...!!
64. Apun ko laga ki apun ko tere ko bol dena chahiye, fir kya hai na, k apun ka dost log bhi apun ko insist kiya k bolich dal, to bolta hai... I MISS U YAAR..!!
65. 5 steps to a LOVELY MORNING. Close ur eyes, take a deep breath, open ur arms, feel ur heartbeet & say "its too early, let me sleep a bit more! "GOOD MORNING".
66. Life is chemistry Dilute ur sorrows Evaporate Ur worries Filter Ur happiness & U'll find crystals of LOVE Keep smiling !
67. Jab tumhara SMS aata hai, mera rom-rom machal jaata hai , ang-ang mein gudgudi hoti hai, yeh SMS ka kasoor nahi hai, kambakht mobile hi vibration par hota hai..
68. What happen 2 UR network? I tried calling U, but the operator said Welcome 2 the jungle, the monkey to whom UR trying to call is on the tree plz try later.
69. Sorry to disturb u but u must be a friend of Shwetanshu Could u pls inform him that his cell is with me, he left it at the bedside last night - Aishwarya Rai
70. LAILA ko MAJNU ka sms nahi aya, LAIALA ne 3 din khana nahi khaya. LAILA marne vali he MAJNU k pyar me, aur MAJNU baitha hai sms free hone k intezar main.
72. Machchhar ne apko kata wo uska junun tha, aapne khujli ki wo apka sukun tha, chah kar bhi aapne use nahi mara bcoz uski rago mein bhi apka khun tha..
73. When U get this SMS, send it to 1 person U luv,1 U hate, 1 U always think of & 1 U wish to kill. Now keep guessing why i send it to U ! ! !
74. Good news for U! Rent free accomodation (khana, pena,sona rehna ... sab free) -- For details JUST DIAL :- 100
75. Tumhare naam ki gazlein chaand par likhne ko ji chahta hai par kya karu yeh zaalim khwab amavas ki raat ko hi aata hai...
76. Let Me Guess wht ur Doin.. Reading Book? NaNa! Listning Music? Uhu! Watchin TV? Nah! Caught U! Reading My SMS NA..! Oh Nw Ur Smiling! Keep smiling.
77. Koi pathar se na maare mere deewane ko, nuclear bomb ka jamana hai, Bomb se uda do saale ko.
78. Some1 asked me abt ur age, well i said...the way u speak-20, the way u walk - 18, the way u dress-19, in total u look-72..!!!bye
79. Aapko miss karna ROZ ki baat hai, Aapko yad karna ADAT ki baat hai, Aapse door rehna KISMAT ki baat hai, Par Aapko jhelna HIMMAT ki baat hai!!
80. If you need advice, text me... If you need a friend, call me... If you need me, come to me... If you need money... ........... THE SUBSCRIBER CANNOT BE REACHED!
81. Handsome, Sweet, Intelligent, Spontaneous, Good Looking, Nice Friends, Charming, Funny, well... Enough about ME! How about you?
82. Dil se dil laga ke to dekho meri yaadon me ansu baha ke to dekho, SMS kya CALL bhi karunga bas ek baar mere mobile ka bill chuka ke to dekho.
83. I decided to send u the cutest and sweetest gift of the world, But the postman shouted at me saying, ............ ..."GET OUT OF THE POST BOX!
84. Har nazar me ek kashish hoti hai, har dil me ek chahat hoti hai, Mumkin nahi har ek ke liye TAJMAHAL banana, Kyunki har dil me 4-5 MUMTAZ jo hoti hai.
85. Har gali Phoolon se saja rakhi hai, har darwaje pe swagat me 1 larki bitha rakhi hai, na jane kis darwaje se aaoge aap, isliye har ladki ko ek rakhi thama rakhi hai.
86. The girls need u. Ur there hero, are on the hot trail for u. They need u for whole life. Grab the golden chance. Get the rakhi tied and celebrate Raksha Bandhan.
87. Can v do romance in the evening today? I'm in good mood Just a little bit of kissing and biting reply me soon urs lovingly, "MOSQUITO"
88. Infact... I want to Share 'EVERYTHING' with U. Your JOYS ur SADNESS, ur HAPPY MOMENTS. Every Single SECOND OF THE DAY. Let's START with Your "BANK ACCOUNT"
89.a sms jakar mera salam kehna, save kare to shukriya kehna, delete kare to bewafa kehna aur na padhe to usse ek rupiya le lena.
90. My eye's miss u My Feel's Love u My Hand need u MY Mind Call u MY Heart just 4u MY Life is u I'll die without u aisa Ladkiya kehti hai mujhe...
Jack Welch wasn't the first tough character that Kushal Pal Singh ran into. Upset at the rigors of the Indian Military Academy, an 18-year-old Singh plotted his escape to London, where he'd previously dabbled in aeronautical studies before returning home to an army commission.
His plan leaked and he was summoned. The colonel in charge, rather than reprimand him, said he was willing to let Singh leave. "But remember that once you go, you will be forever known as the coward who ran away," he added shrewdly. "If you don't mind that label--go, by all means. Otherwise, reconsider it." Singh stuck it out.
"If the colonel hadn't played his cards so well, I would be repairing airplanes in some corner of England!" smiles Singh, now 74, recalling the first of many "accidents" that have shaped a remarkable fortune on the subcontinent.
Today he presides over closely held DLF Group, India's largest real estate developer with an estimated land bank of 3,000 acres in prime city locations. Singh, who owns 99.5% of parent DLF Universal with his family, is worth, by our reckoning, at least $5 billion.
His showpiece: a busy, 10-mile-wide township called DLF City in Gurgaon, situated south of Delhi, in the neighboring state of Haryana. Some just refer to it as the "new city" or Delhi's tech city.
It is a sight to behold. A barren expanse of farmland has been transformed into a sprawl of office and residential towers, interspersed with bright, busy malls, monuments to the country's newfound consumerism.
DLF City boasts restaurants, hospitals, schools, hotels and an 18-hole Arnold Palmer signature golf course, which is Singh's big passion. Gurgaon is no longer the back of beyond but a suburb much sought after by those who cannot afford Delhi's prices or would rather live closer to where they work.
Among the first to settle in a decade ago was General Electric, as the industrial giant opened up India for outsourcing.
By laying a modern foundation in a country whose physical plants usually lag its intellectual assets, Singh put Gurgaon on the map as a destination for global companies. They have flocked there to situate their Indian headquarters or back offices. If Bangalore is India's software services capital, Gurgaon is the call center hub.
The state contributed 10% to the country's $17.7 billion in annual export revenues from software services and back-office work last year.
Other developers have rushed to cash in on Gurgaon's boom, but none match DLF in size or the goodwill it enjoys as the first-comer.
"It is one of the strongest real estate brands in the country. Gurgaon is DLF and vice versa," says Akshaya Kumar, chief executive of property consultants Colliers International (India). DLF has completed projects covering 35 million square feet mainly along the Delhi-Gurgaon belt. Now, with his son, Rajiv, at the day-to-day helm of the company, Singh aims for DLF to go national.
It's getting there: DLF has 100 million square feet under development in residential, commercial and retail projects all over the country.
Last year it made a splashy debut in Mumbai when it paid $160 million in a public auction for 17 acres, site of a former state-owned textile mill that is in the heart of the city. DLF's newly forged partnership with U.K. construction giant Laing O'Rourke will develop this into a mall-cum-entertainment complex that Singh claims will be "futuristic."
The timing couldn't be better. India's red-hot real estate market is appreciating 20% annually, fueled mainly by the outsourcing boom and a resurgence in manufacturing, says Colliers' Kumar. As technology firms expand, they require both office space and homes for their engineers.
The federal government has opened real estate to foreigners for projects exceeding 25 acres. There's plenty of untapped financing potential. India's mortgage-to-GDP ratio is a mere 3%, compared with 50% in the U.S. and 20% in Southeast Asia. Merrill Lynch estimates that the real estate sector, $12 billion currently, could grow to $50 billion by 2010.
Yet Singh's ambition faces obstacles internal and external. Reflecting Indian tradition, his generation within DFL's operations remains tied to its Delhi origins, requiring an infusion of younger thinking with a national orientation.
And the real estate market takeoff can obscure what is still a thicket of arcane regulations on development. The Urban Land Ceiling & Regulation Act of 1976, with its complex rules governing ownership and development of property, remains in force in some states (in Maharashtra it prevents billionaire Adi Godrej from fully developing his family estate), although it was repealed federally in 1999. Land acquisition still isn't for the impatient or fainthearted.
That would partly explain why foreign companies are not rushing to enter on their own but rather are looking for Indian partners who know their way around.
Singh is master of this game. The army left him with a military bearing that, together with an impeccable dress sense, sets him off from the developer crowd. He has connections and will use them. Pursuing his plan for Gurgaon entailed navigating infamous bureaucracies and braving political fire.
Pramod Bhasin, president and chief executive of leading outsourcing firm Genpact, calls DLF Corporate Park, the first office tower Singh built in Gurgaon, "the birthplace of India's business-process outsourcing industry." Bhasin used to head GE Capital International Services, the outsourcing pioneer. (GE sold 60% of the firm to private equity investors in 2004, after which it was renamed Genpact.)
As Bhasin tells it, GE was brave to open its pilot back office at DLF Corporate Park in 1997. Transport wasn't available and there were no restaurants in the area. GE had to bus employees to work and provide catering services.
Despite these odds, Bhasin never regretted moving. "We got the kind of space, both in size and quality, that just wasn't available in the center of Delhi. DLF really understands what companies like ours need. They are quick, and they deliver on their word," says Bhasin.
Once GE took the plunge, DLF landed other big-name corporate tenants, including Nestlé, PepsiCo, British Airways, American Express, IBM and Ericsson.
At a time when the industry practice was to sell and not lease, DLF offered long-term leases, which suited companies that didn't want to load assets on their books. DLF benefited from the steady rentals during a market downturn when property sales stagnated. Singh's refusal to cut quality corners ensured that DLF could get premium prices for its properties.
Leading Mumbai architect Hafeez Contractor, who has designed several signature buildings for the group, including DLF Center, the corporate headquarters in downtown Delhi, maintains that "DLF always aims for the very best from day one."
Singh's introduction to GE's legendary CEO Welch came in 1989, when the company was still scoping out India. Singh set up a meeting with then prime minister Rajiv Gandhi. Welch's book Jack: Straight from the Gut recalls that Singh also led him to Azim Premji as GE was looking for a partner for its medical systems business. Today Premji, by virtue of his building software power Wipro, is one of Asia's richest men.
In an interview Welch recalls, "K.P. was the igniter of the flame for GE coming to India. He was the perfect ambassador because he opened our eyes to a great country, and we fell in love with it."
Welch says he offered Singh no management tips in return. But Singh says that observing Welch's toughness with GE's managers in close quarters provided a model for running DLF: Think big and be a sector leader.
These goals were a far sight off when K.P. Singh, seven years after an arranged marriage, left a prestigious army posting in the Deccan Horse cavalry regiment to join his father-in-law's land business in 1961.
Chaudhary Raghvendra Singh was a civil servant with a keen nose for business. Upon independence from Britain the country was to be divided to create Pakistan, a Muslim nation. Chaudhary Raghvendra figured this would lead to mass migration, which would, in turn, create a need for mass housing. His prescience made him launch Delhi Land & Finance in 1946, a year ahead of Indian independence.
Although he lacked capital, Singh went on a land-buying binge. Tapping into old family connections, he convinced farmers to sell their land to him on credit. They would be paid the principal plus interest once the land had been carved into plots and sold.
This formula worked so well that he eventually developed 21 residential and commercial "colonies" all over Delhi, including South Extension, Hauz Khas and Greater Kailash, which today are prized properties. The good times ended in 1957, when land development in Delhi was nationalized. DLF's future was bleak.
The patriarch scrambled to enter the car battery and electrical motors field, assigning K.P. Singh to make it work. Young Singh found a mentor in George Hoddy, founder of Universal Electric in Michigan, a joint-venture partner.
Hoddy, who turned 100 last year, recalls, "K.P. wasn't afraid to work hard. He followed directions very carefully and mastered manufacturing." But the diversification strategy came a cropper in the Indian market.
Regrouping again, Singh and his father-in-law recommitted themselves to real estate, vowing to break the state's stranglehold by all lawful means.
Over 15 years Singh assembled the Gurgaon holdings, starting with 40 acres that his father-in-law still held. The surrounding families had an average landholding of 4 to 5 acres, with half a dozen relatives sharing the title. To win their trust, he attended weddings, mediated family disputes, helped out during illnesses.
"I became part of each family, almost like an elder brother," he recalls. Singh lobbied hard to get the farmland reclassified as "nonagricultural" and managed to obtain licenses for developing it. When they were later canceled as political winds shifted, DLF faced lawsuits from buyers.
In 1981 Singh caught one of those lucky breaks in his life. As he tells it, he had a chance encounter with Rajiv Gandhi (whose mother, Indira, was still prime minister) when Gandhi's car overheated and he stopped for water at a village well in Gurgaon. Singh happened to be sitting nearby.
Young Gandhi leaned on the troublesome local authorities for years, into his own term as premier, and DLF was able to get its foothold.
Singh's leap of faith in Gurgaon paid off in spades. The average cost of the 3,000 acres that DLF initially amassed in Gurgaon was $2,000 an acre--a tiny fraction of today's market value.
"Gurgaon was deserted when K.P. first took me there to see it 25 years ago. But he had the gumption to go relentlessly after it," says Deepak Parekh, chairman of home mortgage company HDFC, which started lending to DLF early in its expansion drive.
DLF now enjoys good enough credit for loans to be approved informally over the phone.
Along the way Singh insisted his buyers also be on the up-and-up. Real estate in India is full of off-the-books transactions, the better for tax dodges and to avoid once-prohibitive mortgage terms. Also, builders flout codes and often see their handiwork ripped down.
Singh insists that DLF's dealings remain aboveboard. "This business is surrounded by cash transactions. But we are transparent and take only check payments. If we accepted cash, our sales would double," he maintains.
The legitimacy of his success notwithstanding, Singh avoids the spotlight. He agreed to give FORBES Asia an interview only after months of pursuit. Son, Rajiv, 46, an MIT-trained engineer, and daughter Pia, 35, a Wharton B.S. who also is in the business, running the retailing side, similarly duck public attention.
While father is happy to spend time golfing with their mother, Rajiv and Pia are aiming even higher than he did. Cashing in on India's mall boom, DLF is planning a massive retail rollout: Over the next five years 100 malls will be built in 60 cities, including a 4-million-square-foot Mall of India, the country's biggest, in Gurgaon.
Malls have become cool places for families to hang out at, so on any given day they are teeming with window-shoppers. "Our challenge is to get them to open their purses," says Pia.
The Singhs are willing to pay the top price at any land auction and team up with local developers in cities where DLF is a newcomer. Rajiv estimates that these expansion plans, which include building hotels, middle-income homes and special economic zones, will translate into investments of at least $10 billion.
To finance their ambitions the Singhs are going beyond their bankers, talking to private equity investors and considering a future listing. They've retained McKinsey & Co. to advise on executing strategy and converting DLF to professional management.
"We have never done things in a small way. We will continue to be the influencing player and disrupt existing cozy arrangements," vows Rajiv.
i reallly feel this govt in the centre has gone nuts otherwise they won't have thought of this insanity. this quota system it is implementing is perhaps its worst endeavour becoz this has sort of rung the death knell for students coming from the higher castes like me and i request the govt on behalf of my ravenshawvians to stop this crazy thing before it gets too late. Sobhan Mohanty Commerce Stream +2
Great.......After so many years I could find myself inside my college. I use to try to contact my friends but I think through this website my life will be easier. I just returned from Odisha after a long gap and this visit was very fruitful as I found all my long lost friend's numbers, They are SRIKANT SAHU, BIBHU MOHANTY, PRANAV, LAGNA, MANIA, NANDA, NALIN JENA. I hope they will be in this website very soon.......Cheer up....Gagarin..9821272551
What the two countries need is not just a symphony of political sentiments about democracy and disarmament but a practical road map for economic cooperation
BRIGHTER HORIZONS: India-Australia ties are set for phenomenal growth, strengthened by the common bonds of English and cricket. (A firework display at Melbourne.)
Pragmatism often drives Australia's foreign policy. As an Asia-Pacific power that retains its original identity as an outpost of the Political West, Australia is now proactively engaging potential global players such as India and China.
Dramatic indeed was Australia's strident denunciation of India for testing nuclear weapons in 1998. And, New Delhi was furious at Canberra's "evangelical fervour" on the issue — the anguished phrase of an Indian leader at the time.
An equally dramatic question today is whether Australia will be willing and able to think out of the nuclear box in dealing with India over the longer term.
Australian Prime Minister John Howard's latest visit to India follows its historic nuclear energy deal with the United States. It is arguable that the accord is testimony to U.S.' willingness to accept India as a responsible nuclear-armed state.
Qualitative engagement
Significantly, Australian Foreign Minister Alexander Downer's tour of India in 2000, aimed at exploring ways to co-exist and cooperate after the 1998 Pokhran-II tests, coincided with the then U.S. President's odyssey of re-engaging New Delhi. Australia is an intimate U.S. ally on political and strategic issues.
With no pretensions to match the `global' profile and calculations of the U.S., Australia can, if it so desires, engage New Delhi in a qualitatively different manner — a greater willingness to look at India as it is rather than as it should be in Canberra's perceptions and in the U.S. `world view.'
Time to move on
Before visiting India in 2000, Mr. Howard said the time had come to "move on" in the bilateral sphere despite Canberra's record of fast-forwarding the international agenda on nuclear non-proliferation.
More importantly now, Mr. Howard has a chance to turn his India visit into a promising exercise in cooperative diplomacy in the political and economic domains.
What the two countries need is not just a symphony of political sentiments about democracy and universal disarmament but also, more emphatically, a practical roadmap for economic cooperation. The move for a Trade and Economic Framework (TEF) is a step forward.
Prime interest
India's vast market is of prime interest to Australia. Each is also aware of the progress and prospects of the other in the information and communications technology (ICT) sector.
Access to the Australian ICT market and out-sourcing to India are two key aspects. Education, tourism, sports, and tsunami-induced cooperation are some other areas that have come into focus.
Possibilities of two-way cooperation in mining are already under the spotlight, given the resources and technological resourcefulness of both countries. The two are seized of energy security issues too.
The political tone of their energy-related engagement may define the scope of bilateral economic relationship.
Canberra's longer-term stand on nuclear fuel supplies to India for power generation in the civil sector will be watched. Australia is a member of the Nuclear Suppliers' Group.
Defence sector
Mechanisms are in place for dialogue between India and Australia on defence-related cooperation and security issues that range from counter-terrorism to the safety of sea-lanes for trade and normal passage. However, there is room to tone up the strategic dialogue.
A new dynamic in Australia-India interactions is their cooperative participation in the East Asia Summit (EAS) process, which can, over time, lead to the formation of a regional economic bloc with a strategic dimension as well.
Canberra and New Delhi were tuned to the same political wavelength during the first-ever EAS in Kuala Lumpur last December.
Happily, overarching these streams of dialogue is Australia's support for India's bid to become a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council. The negotiations for a new world trade regime offer possibilities of cooperation to the multilateral domain
It was a pleasant surprise to find the website of my alma mater..great work indeed. My suggestion is to add the pass-out years of the members who's got their IDs in the website so that it is easy to locate batchmates. For example, I'm looking for a batch mate (passout year 1996; B.Com) named Ranjan Mullick who also used to work in SCB Medical College...it would be nice if somebody could get me his email id or cell no.
Strongly correlated systems
An organic conductor (Bechgaard salt). The overlap of integrals is such that the motion of the electrons is essentially one dimensional.
(Image J. Ch. Ricquier)
One of the major challenges of theoretical solid state physics is to understand the effects of interactions in solids. A cornerstone of the understanding of such interactions is Landau's theory of fermi liquids, which states that despite the interactions an electron gas has a behavior close to the one of a noninteracting system. However we know that in many materials, interactions can lead to much more drastic effects such as Mott transitions and superconductivity.
The effects of interactions is specially strong in low dimensional systems, in which interactions can lead to a state radically different from a Fermi liquid, the Luttinger liquid. The Luttinger liquid state is particularly important in organic superconductors, mesoscopic systems such as quantum wires and carbon nanotubes.
There is by now a good understanding of the physical properties of a single electronic chain. Study of the transport properties in a Luttinger liquid, has allowed to prove the existence of the Luttinger state in organic superconductors and nanotubes. However many materials are made of coupled one dimensional chains. Depending on the temperature (or more generally an external energy scale) there is thus in these materials a dimensional crossover in which the system goes from a Luttinger liquid behavior at high temperature to a Fermi liquid behavior at low temperatures. This dimensional crossover is poorly understood and of prime importance for the organic superconductors and for systems such arrays of nanotubes.
A one dimensional quantum wire realized at the edge of a two dimensional electron gas (A. Yacoby et al. PRL 77 4612 (1996))
A carbon nanotube between two electrodes (image from http://www.mb.tn.tudelft.nl/)
Although the equilibrium properties of a single one dimensional chain are by now reasonably well understood, it is not the case when the system is driven out of equilibrium. Such situation occurs in a host of physical realization of one dimensional systems. For nanotube or quantum wires a measurement of the current-voltage characteristic in intrinsically a non equilibrium measurement. The full current-voltage characteristics can also be needed when the one dimensional system is in equilibrium with an external environment (such as superconducting leads that lead to Andreev scattering. Such experiments have been performed with nanotubes or dna.
Another interesting out of equilibrium situation occurs in Bose condensed systems where a Mott insulator can be realized by optical trapping. The Mott potential can be modulated in time. No doubts that more realization of such system will appear in a very recent future.
bullet
Disordered Elastic systems
Vortices in Magneto-optics NbSe2 seen by magneto-optics (Y. Baselevitch, T. Johansen)
Many seemingly different experimental systems, both classical and quantum, can be modelled as disordered elastic systems. For classical systems this is the case for example of domain walls in magnets or ferroelectrics, vortex lattices in type II superconductors, charge density waves. Examples of quantum systems are disordered Wigner crystals in the two dimensional electron gas and Luttinger liquids. The physics of all these systems is determined by the competition of the elastic forces that would like to have a nicely ordered structure and the disorder that want to pin randomly the system. This competition leads to quite remarkable glassy properties which have direct consequences both on the static and on the dynamic properties of these systems. The static properties can be probed by either direct imaging techniques (decoration technique for vortices, magnetoptics, stm etc.) or diffraction experiments (X-ray, neutrons). The dynamics directly controls the transport properties of the material (current-voltage characteristics, noise etc.).
Our understanding of these systems has made considerable progress in the last decade, in part due to the problem of vortices in high Tc. Despite these considerable progress, many theoretical questions remain. Among these questions two are specially crucial. They are common to all physical realization of this problem and have direct experimental consequences.
bullet
Role of defects:
We now start to have a reasonable knowledge of the physical properties of the disordered elastic systems if the system is purely elastic, i.e. if he has no defects compared to a topologically ordered structure. This means no dislocations for the periodic systems or no overhangs or bubbles for the domain walls. Although this is the correct physical situation below a certain threshold of disorder (leading for example to the Bragg glass phase), this is clearly a poor approximation if the disorder is strong or if the spatial dimension is two or below. The physical properties of the disordered phase when defects are included is an open question.
Neutron peaks due to a vortex Lattice showing the existence of a Bragg glass phase (T. Klein et al. Nature 413, 404 (2001))
Magnetic domain wall (S. Lemerle et al. PRL 80 849 (98))
bullet
Dynamics of quantum systems :
For classical systems we have now both the physical understanding and the theoretical tools (such as Martin-Siggia-Rose formalism and functional renormalization group) to treat the non equilibrium dynamics (response to an external force). This is not the case for quantum problems. In particular what becomes of phenomena such as depinning and creep in these systems is still an open question. This is directly relevant for the transport properties of the electronic crystals for which transport measurements (current-voltage characteristics and noise) are very often the only probes that one has.
bullet
Electronic structure
Example of pseudogap structures due to phonons and antiferromagnetic spin waves in a high Tc material (T. Jarlborg PRB 64 060507R (01))
Ab-initio electronic structure calculations are made for bulk systems, mostly metallic ones. Recent investigations focused on superconducting materials like the high-Tc cuprates, but also on the newly discovered superconductivity in magnetic or nearly magnetic systems such as MgCNi3, ZrZn2 and hcp-Fe at high pressure. Many of these materials are interesting because spin fluctuations are believed to be important as a mediator for superconducting pairing in parallel to the standard electron-phonon coupling.
Transport properties in magnetic systems are studied as well, and in particular the FeSi system shows unusual properties as function of temperature and doping because of a sensitive metal-insulator transition. The metallic state turns out to be magnetic in some cases, with properties similar to those found in strongly correlated systems.
Studies of Fermiology are made through calculated momentum densities and comparisons with experimental results from Compton scattering and positron annihilation. Many of these projects are made in collaboration with several groups elsewhere.
Strongly correlated systems
An organic conductor (Bechgaard salt). The overlap of integrals is such that the motion of the electrons is essentially one dimensional.
(Image J. Ch. Ricquier)
One of the major challenges of theoretical solid state physics is to understand the effects of interactions in solids. A cornerstone of the understanding of such interactions is Landau's theory of fermi liquids, which states that despite the interactions an electron gas has a behavior close to the one of a noninteracting system. However we know that in many materials, interactions can lead to much more drastic effects such as Mott transitions and superconductivity.
The effects of interactions is specially strong in low dimensional systems, in which interactions can lead to a state radically different from a Fermi liquid, the Luttinger liquid. The Luttinger liquid state is particularly important in organic superconductors, mesoscopic systems such as quantum wires and carbon nanotubes.
There is by now a good understanding of the physical properties of a single electronic chain. Study of the transport properties in a Luttinger liquid, has allowed to prove the existence of the Luttinger state in organic superconductors and nanotubes. However many materials are made of coupled one dimensional chains. Depending on the temperature (or more generally an external energy scale) there is thus in these materials a dimensional crossover in which the system goes from a Luttinger liquid behavior at high temperature to a Fermi liquid behavior at low temperatures. This dimensional crossover is poorly understood and of prime importance for the organic superconductors and for systems such arrays of nanotubes.
A one dimensional quantum wire realized at the edge of a two dimensional electron gas (A. Yacoby et al. PRL 77 4612 (1996))
A carbon nanotube between two electrodes (image from http://www.mb.tn.tudelft.nl/)
Although the equilibrium properties of a single one dimensional chain are by now reasonably well understood, it is not the case when the system is driven out of equilibrium. Such situation occurs in a host of physical realization of one dimensional systems. For nanotube or quantum wires a measurement of the current-voltage characteristic in intrinsically a non equilibrium measurement. The full current-voltage characteristics can also be needed when the one dimensional system is in equilibrium with an external environment (such as superconducting leads that lead to Andreev scattering. Such experiments have been performed with nanotubes or dna.
Another interesting out of equilibrium situation occurs in Bose condensed systems where a Mott insulator can be realized by optical trapping. The Mott potential can be modulated in time. No doubts that more realization of such system will appear in a very recent future.
bullet
Disordered Elastic systems
Vortices in Magneto-optics NbSe2 seen by magneto-optics (Y. Baselevitch, T. Johansen)
Many seemingly different experimental systems, both classical and quantum, can be modelled as disordered elastic systems. For classical systems this is the case for example of domain walls in magnets or ferroelectrics, vortex lattices in type II superconductors, charge density waves. Examples of quantum systems are disordered Wigner crystals in the two dimensional electron gas and Luttinger liquids. The physics of all these systems is determined by the competition of the elastic forces that would like to have a nicely ordered structure and the disorder that want to pin randomly the system. This competition leads to quite remarkable glassy properties which have direct consequences both on the static and on the dynamic properties of these systems. The static properties can be probed by either direct imaging techniques (decoration technique for vortices, magnetoptics, stm etc.) or diffraction experiments (X-ray, neutrons). The dynamics directly controls the transport properties of the material (current-voltage characteristics, noise etc.).
Our understanding of these systems has made considerable progress in the last decade, in part due to the problem of vortices in high Tc. Despite these considerable progress, many theoretical questions remain. Among these questions two are specially crucial. They are common to all physical realization of this problem and have direct experimental consequences.
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Role of defects:
We now start to have a reasonable knowledge of the physical properties of the disordered elastic systems if the system is purely elastic, i.e. if he has no defects compared to a topologically ordered structure. This means no dislocations for the periodic systems or no overhangs or bubbles for the domain walls. Although this is the correct physical situation below a certain threshold of disorder (leading for example to the Bragg glass phase), this is clearly a poor approximation if the disorder is strong or if the spatial dimension is two or below. The physical properties of the disordered phase when defects are included is an open question.
Neutron peaks due to a vortex Lattice showing the existence of a Bragg glass phase (T. Klein et al. Nature 413, 404 (2001))
Magnetic domain wall (S. Lemerle et al. PRL 80 849 (98))
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Dynamics of quantum systems :
For classical systems we have now both the physical understanding and the theoretical tools (such as Martin-Siggia-Rose formalism and functional renormalization group) to treat the non equilibrium dynamics (response to an external force). This is not the case for quantum problems. In particular what becomes of phenomena such as depinning and creep in these systems is still an open question. This is directly relevant for the transport properties of the electronic crystals for which transport measurements (current-voltage characteristics and noise) are very often the only probes that one has.
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Electronic structure
Example of pseudogap structures due to phonons and antiferromagnetic spin waves in a high Tc material (T. Jarlborg PRB 64 060507R (01))
Ab-initio electronic structure calculations are made for bulk systems, mostly metallic ones. Recent investigations focused on superconducting materials like the high-Tc cuprates, but also on the newly discovered superconductivity in magnetic or nearly magnetic systems such as MgCNi3, ZrZn2 and hcp-Fe at high pressure. Many of these materials are interesting because spin fluctuations are believed to be important as a mediator for superconducting pairing in parallel to the standard electron-phonon coupling.
Transport properties in magnetic systems are studied as well, and in particular the FeSi system shows unusual properties as function of temperature and doping because of a sensitive metal-insulator transition. The metallic state turns out to be magnetic in some cases, with properties similar to those found in strongly correlated systems.
Studies of Fermiology are made through calculated momentum densities and comparisons with experimental results from Compton scattering and positron annihilation. Many of these projects are made in collaboration with several groups elsewhere.
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References
1 Feynman, R.P. (1960) There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom. Eng. and Sci. 23:22-36
2 NASA Ames Research Center
3 IBM Almadan Research Center
4 Xerox Palo Alto Research Center
5 US Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. Hearing Before the
Subcommittee on Science, Technology, and Space. New Technologies for a Sustainable World.
102nd Cong., 2nd sess., 26 June 1992. S. Hrg. 102-967
6 AT&Ts 'Three Little Gears'
7 Dolly the Sheep: Human Factor IX Transgenic Sheep Produced by Transfer of Nuclei from Transfected Fetal Fibroblasts.
AE SCHNIEKE, Science Vol 279, 19th December 1997, p2130
8 Drexler, K.E. (1981)
Molecular engineering: An approach to the development of general capabilities for molecular
manufacturing. Proc. Natnl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78:5275-5278
9 Caltech, de novo protein design : Science v278 pp82, 3 Oct 97
10 Ralph C. Merkle, Xerox PARC
11 Drexler, K.E. (1992)
Nanosystems: Molecular Machinery,
Manufacturing and Computation Wiley InterScience
12 Crandell (editor),
Nanotechnology, The MIT Press 1996
13 Drexler, K.E. (1986)
Engines of
Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology. New York: Anchor Press/Doubleday
14 Zyvex
15 Creatures From Primordial Silicon, Clive Davidson,
New Scientist, 15 November 1997, pp30-4
'Atomically precise products' : A definition of nanotechnology which encompasses the
result that many researchers in the field are striving for. From speculative beginnings in
19591, the field of nanotechnology has
grown to the point of general public recognition of its philosophies and ideals. Many of the
worlds largest and most powerful institutions are involved, attacking the such development from a
multitude of different standpoints. They include NASA2, IBM3,
Xerox4 and a variety of universities as well as
technical institutions around the globe. The US government5 has also made clear its
awareness of this next generation of science and technology. The agricultural,
industrial and genetic revolutions have all impacted our race, changing the course of society
forever. The nanotechnological revolution is in the near future, and we will all benifit or
suffer because of it. Nanotopia or Nanarchy awaits...
The approach towards nanotechnological sophistication can occur by two paths : Top-Down or
Bottom-Up. In fact, it is both methods and hybrids of the two which are contributing to
work in this field. The Top-Down approach was first proposed in 1959 by Feynman1.
The basic concept is one of using current technology to fabricate smaller and more precise
articles, which will be used in turn to fabricate yet smaller products. The limit of this
method is the control over machinery which has control over atoms. The possibilities of this
approach were first demonstrated by IBM when they used atomic force
microscopy to write their company
name3 with xenon atoms on a nickel surface. The discovery of the ability to move
atoms individually was by chance, but the development of the technology used has lead to the
ability to view surfaces and molecule in exquisite detail. Top-Down development has been
used for decades in one form or another, most notably in the production of semi-conductor
circuits (lithography). Mechanical moving parts, including pumps, motors and gears6, have
also been developed on the microscopic scale.
The Bottom-Up approach covers a broad field of sciences including, amoung others, synthetic
organic chemistry, biochemistry, protein and genetic engineering. Many different routes to
functional nanomachinery are possible, and being pursued. At the current time, protein
and genetic engineering coupled with computational chemistry, offers the starting point
with the greatest possible initial development.
The vast majority of cells in an organism contain the full genome, from which it is possible
to reproduce the entire organism7. The genome is a set of deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA) chains. Genes, specific sections of the genome, are coded with the primary structure of
all the proteins used within the organism. Random defects can occur when the cells are
dividing and the DNA is replicating which can occasionally increase the activity of the
protein being synthesised. If this change is advantageous to the organism, then the defect
is likely to be passed on and become more prominent in the organisms gene pool. This is the
basis of survival of the fittest and evolution.
Within the last few decades, since the identification of the structure of DNA by Watson and
Crick, the understanding of the processes within cells has increased greatly and a new
science has developed; genetic engineering. At its most basic level, this involves
manipulating the genome of organisms to our advantage, for example producing pesticide-
resistant fruit and vegetables. Two fields have benefited from the increased understanding
of genetics; molecular recognition and protein structure. Self assembly will be a major
requirement of early advances in nanomachinery production as its complexity will have to
be considerable in order to function in any useful fashion. nature has demonstrated that self
assembly can create the most complex of organisms with little difficulty, nine months,
although the development time of four billion years, will have to be reduced if any useful
products are to be yielded from nanotechnology in the lifetime of the human race. We do,
however, have the advantage of conscious awareness of our developments, as well as
intelligence in our research and development efforts, rather than leaving the whole
process to chance.
Comparisons between macroscale components and possible equivalent biological components
have been made8, and at a basic level it would be possible to s
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